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First published in 1997, this collection includes papers on
Crusader-era architecture in Palestine with a focus on 'Atlit, the
castle of 'Ajlun and on the Citadel of Jerusalem, both the papers
and sites of which have previously been difficult to access. The
volume is presented partly to repair the very real deficit in the
literature on Crusader architecture and partly as a fitting
memorial to the author, who died in 1992. 'Atlit in particular held
a special significance for C.N. Johns, being the site of his first
major project as a field archaeologist. His Guide to 'Atlit, a
masterly summary of his findings, remains the most complete and
comprehensive account of the castle and its suburb. The studies
collected here pay tribute to their author's enduring contribution
to the medieval archaeology of the Near East. The first part of the
book deals with the 'Pilgrim's Castle', the great Templar fortress
and town at 'Atlit. The significance of Johns' excavations at this
site has been relatively neglected, because it remains in a
military area, inaccessible to visitors, and because almost the
entire stock of his major publication was lost in 1947. This 'Guide
to 'Atlit', a synthesis of historical, archaeological and
architectural research on the monument, is reprinted here together
with all the interim reports relating to the medieval period. Also
included are Johns' studies on the Citadel of Jerusalem, the 'Tower
of David', and on the Islamic castle of 'Ajlun. Together, they
represent a fundamental contribution to the study of the period of
the Crusades and to the military architecture of the Middle Ages.
The notes by Denys Pringle bring the accounts up to date in the
light of recent research.
These studies examine the physical remains of Frankish settlement
in Palestine in the 12th and 13th centuries. In recent years the
view that Frankish settlement was largely confined to the fortified
urban centres and castles, with few westerners venturing into the
open countryside, has come to be challenged in the light of new
archaeological evidence and re-examination of the sources. The
present studies contribute to an understanding of the nature of
Frankish settlement by illustrating aspects of the relationship
between fortification and settlement: in particular, the role of
castles and towers in promoting settlement and providing both
security and domestic accommodation; the relationship between
castles, towers and other semi-fortified rural structures; the
physical planning of the new towns established by the canons of the
Holy Sepulchre; the measures undertaken to defend urban
settlements; and the contribution that town walls and castles made
to the security of the kingdom.
This book presents new translations of a selection of Latin and
French pilgrimage texts - and two in Greek - relating to Jerusalem
and the Holy Land between the fall of Jerusalem to Saladin in 1187
and the loss of Acre to the Mamluks in 1291. It therefore
complements and extends existing studies, which deal with the
period from Late Antiquity to Saladin's conquest. Such texts
provide a wealth of information not only about the business of
pilgrimage itself, but also on church history, topography,
architecture and the social and economic conditions prevailing in
Palestine in this period. Pilgrimage texts of the 13th century have
not previously been studied as a group in this way; and, because
the existing editions of them are scattered across a variety of
rather obscure publications, they tend to be under-utilized by
historians, despite their considerable interest. For instance, they
are often more original than the texts of the 12th century,
representing first-hand accounts of travellers rather than simple
reworkings of older texts. Taken together, they document the
changes that occurred in the pattern of pilgrimage after the fall
of Jerusalem in 1187, during its brief reoccupation by the Franks
between 1229 and 1244, and during the period from 1260 onwards when
the Mamluks gradually took military control of the whole country.
In the 1250s-60s, for example, because of the difficulties faced by
pilgrims in reaching Jerusalem itself, there developed an
alternative set of holy sites offering indulgences in Acre. The
bringing of Transjordan, southern Palestine and Sinai under Ayyubid
and, later, Mamluk control also encouraged the development of the
pilgrimage to St Catherine's monastery on Mount Sinai in this
period. The translations are accompanied by explanatory footnotes
and preceded by an introduction, which discusses the development of
Holy Land pilgrimage in this period and the context, dating and
composition of the texts themselves. The book concludes with a
comprehensive list of sources and a detailed index.
These studies examine the physical remains of Frankish settlement
in Palestine in the 12th and 13th centuries. In recent years the
view that Frankish settlement was largely confined to the fortified
urban centres and castles, with few westerners venturing into the
open countryside, has come to be challenged in the light of new
archaeological evidence and re-examination of the sources. The
present studies contribute to an understanding of the nature of
Frankish settlement by illustrating aspects of the relationship
between fortification and settlement: in particular, the role of
castles and towers in promoting settlement and providing both
security and domestic accommodation; the relationship between
castles, towers and other semi-fortified rural structures; the
physical planning of the new towns established by the canons of the
Holy Sepulchre; the measures undertaken to defend urban
settlements; and the contribution that town walls and castles made
to the security of the kingdom.
[This] substantial book...makes an important and stimulating
contribution. MEDIEVAL ARCHAEOLOGY Warfare in Europe in the middle
ages underwent a marked change of emphasis as urban life expanded.
The concentration of wealth represented by a city was a valuable
objective, and the static nature of a siege was infinitely
preferable to the uncertainties of campaign. As the incidence of
sieges increased, so pitched battles declined. The studies in this
book, intended for specialists as well as general readers, follow
the history of siege warfare, exploringthe urban milieu within
which it developed, and the evolution of siege technology up to the
advent of gunpowder weaponry. The logistics of specific sieges,
from the Crusader kingdoms in the Near East and the Byzantine
Empire as well as medieval Europe, are also considered, with
evidence from literature, engineering, architecture and
cliometrics. IVY CORFIS is professor in the department of Spanish
and Portuguese at the University of Wisconsin, Madison; MICHAEL
WOLFE is professor in the department of history at Penn State
University, Altoona. Contributors: MICHAEL WOLFE, JAMES F. POWERS,
MICHAEL TOCH, DENYS PRINGLE, ERIC McGEER, PAUL E. CHEVEDDEN,
MICHAEL HARNEY, HEATHER ARDEN, WINTHROP WETHERBEE, KELLY DEVRIES,
MICHAEL MALLETT, BERT S. HALL.
This book contains a descriptive gazetteer of all the secular
buildings (including industrial sites) known by their surviving
remains to have existed within the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
The site descriptions take the form of brief notes with full
bibliographical references and location maps, accompanied in most
cases by photographs and drawings. The gazetteer is preceded by an
introduction which analyses the range of building types to be found
in the Crusader Kingdom and is followed by a supplementary
gazetteer listing other sites as 'possibles', 'rejects' or 'don't
knows'. This gazetteer has been compiled under the auspices of the
British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem and is published as a
companion volume to Dr Pringle's three-volume work The Churches of
the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Essays exploring the influence of the sacred buildings of Jerusalem
on architecture worldwide. Jerusalem - earthly and heavenly, past,
present and future - has always informed the Christian imagination:
it is the intersection of the divine and human worlds, of time and
eternity. Since the fourth century, it has been the site of the
round Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the empty tomb
acknowledged by Constantine as the tomb of Christ. Nearly four
hundred years later, the Sepulchre's rotunda was rivalled by the
octagon of the Dome of the Rock. The city itself and these two
glorious buildings within it remain, to this day, the focus of
pilgrimage and of intense devotion. Jerusalem and its numinous
buildings have been distinctively re-imagined and re-presented in
the design, topography, decoration and dedications of some very
striking and beautiful churches and cities in Western Europe,
Russia, the Caucasus and Ethiopia. Some are famous, others are in
the West almost unknown. The essays Inthis richly illustrated book
combine to do justice to these evocative buildings' architecture,
roles and history. The volume begins with an introduction to the
Sepulchre itself, from its construction under Constantine to
theCrusaders' rebuilding which survives to this day. Chapters
follow on the Dome of the Rock and on the later depiction and
signifcance of the Jewish Temple. The essays then move further
afeld, uncovering the links between Jerusalemand Byzantium, the
Caucasus, Russia and Ethiopia. Northern Europe comes finally into
focus, with chapters on Charlemagne's chapel at Aachen, the role of
the military orders in spreading the form of the Sepulchre, a
gazetteer of English rounds, and studies of London's New Temple.
ROBIN GRIFFITH-JONES is Master of the Temple at the Temple Church
in London and Senior Lecturer (Theology and Religious Studies) at
King's College London. He co-edited The Temple Church in London
with David Park (2010). ERIC FERNIE is Director Emeritus of The
Courtauld Institute of Art, London. Contributors: Alan Borg, Antony
Eastmond, David Ekserdjian, Eric Fernie, Jaroslav Folda, Emmanuel
Fritsch, Michael Gervers, Robin Griffith-Jones, Nicole Hamonic,
Cecily Hennessy, Robert Hillenbrand, Catherine E. Hundley, Philip
J. Lankester, Robin Milner-Gulland, Robert Ousterhout, David W.
Phillipson, Denys Pringle, Sebastian Salvado.
First published in 1997, this collection includes papers on
Crusader-era architecture in Palestine with a focus on 'Atlit, the
castle of 'Ajlun and on the Citadel of Jerusalem, both the papers
and sites of which have previously been difficult to access. The
volume is presented partly to repair the very real deficit in the
literature on Crusader architecture and partly as a fitting
memorial to the author, who died in 1992. 'Atlit in particular held
a special significance for C.N. Johns, being the site of his first
major project as a field archaeologist. His Guide to 'Atlit, a
masterly summary of his findings, remains the most complete and
comprehensive account of the castle and its suburb. The studies
collected here pay tribute to their author's enduring contribution
to the medieval archaeology of the Near East. The first part of the
book deals with the 'Pilgrim's Castle', the great Templar fortress
and town at 'Atlit. The significance of Johns' excavations at this
site has been relatively neglected, because it remains in a
military area, inaccessible to visitors, and because almost the
entire stock of his major publication was lost in 1947. This 'Guide
to 'Atlit', a synthesis of historical, archaeological and
architectural research on the monument, is reprinted here together
with all the interim reports relating to the medieval period. Also
included are Johns' studies on the Citadel of Jerusalem, the 'Tower
of David', and on the Islamic castle of 'Ajlun. Together, they
represent a fundamental contribution to the study of the period of
the Crusades and to the military architecture of the Middle Ages.
The notes by Denys Pringle bring the accounts up to date in the
light of recent research.
This is the third in a series of four volumes that are intended to
present a complete Corpus of all the church buildings, of both the
Western and the Oriental rites, built, rebuilt or simply in use in
the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem
by the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. This
volume deals exclusively with Jerusalem, the capital of the Kingdom
from 1099 to 1187, leaving the churches of Acre and Tyre to be
covered in the fourth and final volume. The Corpus will be an
indispensable work of reference to all those concerned with the
medieval topography and archaeology of the Holy Land, with the
history of the church in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, with
medieval pilgrimage to the Holy Places, and with the art and
architecture of the Latin East.
This is the second of a series of four volumes that are intended to
present a complete corpus of all the church buildings, of both the
western and the oriental rites, rebuilt or simply in use in the
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem for
the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. This volume
completes the general topographical coverage begun in volume I, and
will be followed by a third volume dealing specifically with the
major cities of Jerusalem, Acre and Tyre (which are excluded from
the preceding volumes). The project, of which this series
represents the final, definitive publication, has been sponsored by
the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. On completion the
corpus will contain a topographical listing of all the 400 or more
church buildings of the Kingdom that are attested by documentary or
surviving archaeological evidence, and individual descriptions and
discussion of them in terms of their identification, building
history and architecture. Some of the buildings have been published
before, but many others are published here for the first time.
This is the first of a series of three volumes which are intended
to present a complete corpus of all the church buildings in use in
the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem
by the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. Volume
II completes the general topographical coverage begun in Volume I,
while Volume III will deal specifically with Jerusalem, Acre and
Tyre. When complete the Corpus will contain a topographical listing
of all the 400 or more church buildings of the Kingdom and
individual descriptions and discussion of them in terms of their
identification, building history and architecture. A feature of the
Corpus is the standardized format in which the evidence is
presented; this also extends to the plans and elevations which are
drawn to a uniform style and scale. The Corpus will therefore be an
indispensable work of reference for all those concerned with the
history and architecture of the Latin east.
This volume brings together 22 of the papers presented at a
conference held in Esztergom, Hungary, in May 2018 to coincide with
the 800th anniversary of the crusade of King Andrew II of Hungary
to the Holy Land in 1217-18. The theme, Bridge of Civilizations,
was chosen to highlight aspects of the links and contrasts between
Europe and the areas around the eastern Mediterranean that were
visited and occupied by western crusaders and settlers in the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries, giving special attention to the
evidence provided by archaeology and material culture, as well as
historical sources. The results of the joint Syrian-Hungarian
Archaeological Mission (SHAM) to the Hospitaller castle of Margat
(al-Marqab) highlighted in this volume include an up-to-date
overview of the structural development of the site from 1187 to
1285, as well as particular studies of the wall paintings, cooking
installations and pottery. SHAM's recent rescue work at Crac des
Chevaliers also provides the basis for studies of the
water-management system and medieval burials revealed in its
courtyard, while other papers examine the masonry marks and
surviving evidence of medieval trebuchet damage at both castles.
Other papers focus on the medieval castles of Karak (Jordan) and
Jubayl (Lebanon), the medieval buildings of Latakia (Syria), the
impact of the Crusades on buildings in Cairo, historic bridges in
Lebanon, the medieval chapels of Yanouh-Mghayreh and Edde-Jbeil
(Lebanon), piscinas in Crusader churches in the East, the images of
donors found in medieval Lebanese churches, and the activity of
late thirteenth-century Western metal-workers in Cyprus. Papers
focusing more particularly on historical sources include a new
edition of a late eleventh- to twelfth-century pilgrimage itinerary
from Hungary to the Holy Land, a discussion of two minor military
orders in Hungary, and the portrayal of Sultan al-Kamil in a
contemporary western account of the Fifth Crusade.
Ramla presents a comprehensive overview of the history, archaeology
and architecture of the city of Ramla from the time of its
foundation as the capital of Umayyad Palestine around 715 until the
end of Ottoman rule in 1917. It begins with a historical outline
covering in turn the early Islamic (Robert Hoyland), Crusader
(Peter Edbury), Ayyubid-Mamluk (Donald S. Richards) and Ottoman
periods (Matthew Elliot). In the archaeological section, Gideon
Avni's synthesis of the results of excavations on the early Islamic
city is followed by discussions of the Umayyad-period aqueduct
(Amir Gorzalczany) and the historical interpretation of First World
War aerial photographs (Benjamin Z. Kedar). Architectural studies
include a complete corpus of the surviving Muslim buildings (Andrew
Petersen), a reassessment of the remains of the White Mosque
(Michael H. Burgoyne), an account of the Christian buildings (Denys
Pringle), and an analysis of late Ottoman alterations to the Great
Mosque (Katia Cytryn-Silverman). The final section on numismatics
and epigraphy includes chapters on the coinage of Umayyad Ramla
(Nikolaus Schindel), the Arabic inscriptions (Mehmet Tutuncu) and
late medieval Christian pilgrims' graffiti (Denys Pringle). The
volume concludes with three appendices, including a hitherto
unpublished report on the White Mosque (1919-20) by K.A.C.
Creswell, a gazetteer of settlements in the Crusader lordships of
Ramla, Lydda and Mirabel, and the endowment deed for a house dated
1713 (Maher Abu-Munshar).
This is the second of a series of four volumes that are intended to
present a complete corpus of all the church buildings, of both the
western and the oriental rites, rebuilt or simply in use in the
Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem between the capture of Jerusalem for
the First Crusade in 1099 and the loss of Acre in 1291. This volume
completes the general topographical coverage begun in volume I, and
will be followed by a third volume dealing specifically with the
major cities of Jerusalem, Acre and Tyre (which are excluded from
the preceding volumes). The project, of which this series
represents the final, definitive publication, has been sponsored by
the British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem. On completion the
corpus will contain a topographical listing of all the 400 or more
church buildings of the Kingdom that are attested by documentary or
surviving archaeological evidence, and individual descriptions and
discussion of them in terms of their identification, building
history and architecture. Some of the buildings have been published
before, but many others are published here for the first time.
This is the fourth and final volume in a series which presents a
complete corpus of all the church buildings that were built,
rebuilt or simply in use in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem
between the capture of Jerusalem by the First Crusade in 1099 and
the loss of Acre in 1291. This volume deals with the major coastal
cities of Acre and Tyre, which were both in Frankish hands for
almost two centuries, and also contains addenda and corrigenda to
volumes 1 3. It describes and discusses some 120 churches and
chapels that are attested by documentary or surviving evidence,
accompanied where possible by plans, elevation drawings and
photographs. This is an indispensable work of reference to all
those concerned with the medieval archaeology of the Holy Land, the
history of the Church in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem and the
art and architecture of the Latin East.
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